Verdrag

Verdrag van de Verenigde Naties tegen grensoverschrijdende georganiseerde misdaad

Datum wijziging Betreft
24-08-2026 Partij

Partij

Iran gewijzigd

  • toegevoegd voorbehoud
    06-08-2025
    Reservations: 1. The Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions of the Convention, including Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations, in particular the principles of its Constitution. Furthermore, in cases where the implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 14 requires utilization of property in a manner contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran, does not consider itself bound by the provision of this article. 2. The Islamic Republic of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions of Article 35, paragraph 2, of this Convention, which provide that any dispute between two or more States concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through negotiation shall be referred to arbitration or to the International Court of Justice. 3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation in matters related to extradition or mutual legal assistance. 4. The Convention shall not prejudice the legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign occupation to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise their right to self-determination. Declarations: 1. The ratification of this Convention by the Islamic Republic of Iran shall not be construed in any manner recognition of the Zionist occupying regime (the Israeli regime). 2. Any referral of disputes to judicial forums or arbitration shall be solely subject to the provisions of Principle 139 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

    toegevoegd bezwaar op voorbehoud

    Bezwaar Finland, 21-07-2026

    The Government of the Republic of Finland was pleased to learn that the Islamic Republic of Iran has become party to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (hereinafter “the Convention”). However, the Government of the Republic of Finland has carefully examined the reservations made by the Islamic Republic of Iran upon ratification of the Convention and is of the view that they raise certain concerns. The Government of the Republic of Finland considers that the general reservations with reference to the Iranian national legislation and Sharia law are of unlimited scope and undefined character which make them incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. Thus, the Government of Finland is of the opinion that the Islamic Republic of Iran has submitted reservations which cast doubts on the commitment of Iran to the object and purpose of the Convention. Such reservations are, furthermore, subject to the general principle of treaty interpretation according to which a party may not invoke the provisions of its domestic law as justification for a failure to perform its treaty obligations. The object and purpose of the Convention is defeated if its implementation is made categorically subject to domestic law. The Convention is premised on State Parties bringing their national legislation into conformity with the Convention within an appropriate timeframe, as reflected by the Convention’s Review Mechanism. The Government of the Republic of Finland furthermore notes that the reservation to Articles 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention is incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention, for it aims at excluding the Islamic Republic of Iran’s obligations of cooperation in central aspects of the Convention and it fails to clearly define the extent of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s obligations. Finally, the Government of the Republic of Finland considers the implications of the reservation related to the right to self-determination unclear. This unclarity regarding the fourth reservation, particularly read in light of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s third reservation, raises significant doubts as to Iran’s commitment to the Convention, and is therefore incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. It leaves uncertainty whether, for example, the Islamic Republic of Iran will deny requests of legal assistance or extradition on the premise that the actions of persons or structured groups covered by the Convention fall within the scope of the right to self-determination. Moreover, the Convention does not contain any provisions that can be interpreted to conflict with the right to self-determination as a peremptory norm of international law as confirmed by the International Court of Justice. Therefore, it is not necessary for the Islamic Republic of Iran to include such reservation to safeguard the right to self-determination. Accordingly, the reservations 1, 3 and 4 made by the Islamic Republic of Iran are not permitted under Article 19 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Therefore, the Government of the Republic of Finland objects to the aforesaid reservations. This objection does not preclude the entry into force of the Convention between the Republic of Finland and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Convention will thus continue to operate between the two States without the Islamic Republic of Iran benefiting from the said reservations.

    Bezwaar Litouwen, 04-08-2026

    The Government of the Republic of Lithuania has carefully examined the reservations made by the Islamic Republic of Iran at the time of its accession to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. The Government of the Republic of Lithuania considers that the reservation with respect to articles 2, 3, 5, 10, 23, and 14(1) of the Convention, by making the application of the Convention subject to domestic law and Sharia law, is formulated in broad and undefined terms and thus raises doubts as to the full commitment of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the object and purpose of the Convention. The Government of the Republic of Lithuania notes that according to article 19(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of a treaty is not permitted. Furthermore, under article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a State may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty. Therefore, the Government of the Republic of Lithuania objects to the aforesaid reservation made by the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Convention. This objection, however, shall not preclude the entry into force of the Convention between the Republic of Lithuania and the Islamic Republic of Iran.

    Bezwaar Polen, 04-08-2026

    The Government of the Republic of Poland has carefully reviewed the reservations and declarations made on August 11, 2025, made by the Islamic Republic of Iran upon ratifying the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on November 15, 2000, concerning Articles 2, 3, 5, 10, 14 paragraph 1, 15, 16, 18, and 23. In the opinion of the Government of the Republic of Poland reservations 1 and 3 of the Islamic Republic of Iran dated August 11, 2025 are inconsistent with the object and purpose of the Convention, which is the effective and efficient joint fight against international organized crime by all States Parties and the creation of an international structure for cooperation between States Parties in the confiscation and disposal of proceeds of crime. In addition, the above reservations are too general and vague and refer in an unacceptable manner to domestic law in order to limit the application of public international law. Consequently, in accordance with Article 19{c) of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, done at Vienna on 23 May 1969, reflective of customary law, the above reservations are inadmissible and the Government of the Republic of Poland objects to them. In its reservations, the Islamic Republic of Iran stated that it would interpret and implement the provisions of Articles 2, 3, 5, 10, and 23 of the Convention in accordance with its domestic law. The reservation does not specify the specific content of these laws and regulations. The Government of the Republic of Poland notes that, in order to be effective and have legal effect, a reservation to an international treaty must be sufficiently precise and clear so that it is possible to determine exactly which provisions of the treaty in question are to be limited and how. The reference to unspecified provisions of domestic law in relation to numerous provisions of the Convention does not allow for the determination of the expected legal effects. The position of the Islamic Republic of Iran, as expressed in its reservations, also refers to the implementation of Article 14, paragraph 1, of the Convention and states that, where it requires the use of property in a manner contrary to Sharia law, the Islamic Republic of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions of that article. The reservation does not specify the exact provisions of Sharia law to which it refers. In the opinion of the Government of the Republic of Poland, this reservation is also too vague to allow for a precise determination of the expected legal effects. A reservation referring to the entire body of Sharia law is a reservation of unlimited scope and indeterminate nature; therefore, it is far too general to be acceptable. The Islamic Republic of Iran has reserved the right to decide, on a case-by-case basis, whether to apply Articles 15, 16, and 18 of the Convention, concerning cooperation in matters of extradition or mutual legal assistance. This reservation vaguely refers to future practice in the application of the provisions of the Convention. Each State Party to the Convention is obliged to implement all its provisions in good faith, in accordance with the principle of pacta sunt servanda expressed in international customary law and in Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. In the opinion of the Government of the Republic of Poland, a reservation that is vague and aimed at potentially excluding several provisions of the Convention that ensure its effective implementation and thus the achievement of its objective, is incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. Therefore, the Government of the Republic of Poland objects to reservations 1 and 3 to Articles 2, 3, 5, 10, 14 paragraph 1, 15, 16, 18, and 23 made by the Islamic Republic of Iran upon acceding to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on November 15, 2000. The above objection shall not prevent the Convention from entering into force in relations between the Republic of Poland and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Convention shall enter into force in its entirety between the Republic of Poland and the Islamic Republic of Iran, but the Islamic Republic of Iran shall not avail itself of the protection of the reservations made to Articles 2, 3, 5, 10, 14 paragraph 1, 15, 16, 18, and 23 of the Convention.

    Bezwaar Slovenië, 05-08-2026

    The Republic of Slovenia has examined the reservations made by the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Republic of Slovenia recalls that the Convention expressly excludes reservations to the provisions concerned, with the exception of the Article 35/II. Furthermore, the Republic of Slovenia considers that Islamic Republic of Iran’s reservations to Articles 2, 3, 5, 10, 14 and 23 of the Convention significantly limit the scope and legal effect of the Convention and are incompatible with its object and purpose within the meaning of Article 19(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969). The Republic of Slovenia further notes that those reservations do not clearly define the extent to which the Islamic Republic of Iran considers itself bound by the obligations arising under the Convention. As a result, the reservations create legal uncertainty for other States Parties regarding the implementation of the Convention and the scope of the commitments undertaken by Iran. In addition, the reservations to Articles 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention may adversely affect international cooperation among States Parties, as they introduce uncertainty with regard to the rights and obligations that form the basis for effective cooperation under the Convention. Such uncertainty risks undermining mutual trust, predictability and the uniform application of the Convention’s provisions, which are essential for achieving its objectives.

    Bezwaar Verenigd Koninkrijk, 04-08-2026

    The Government of the United Kingdom has examined the reservations made by the Islamic Republic of Iran, which read: Reservations: 1. The Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions of the Convention, including Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations, in particular the principles of its Constitution. Furthermore, in cases where the implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 14 requires utilization of property in a manner contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran, does not consider itself bound by the provision of this article. 2. The Islamic Republic of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions of Article 35, paragraph 2, of this Convention, which provide that any dispute between two or more States concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through negotiation shall be referred to arbitration or to the International Court of Justice. 3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation in matters related to extradition or mutual legal assistance. 4. The Convention shall not prejudice the legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign occupation to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise their right to self-determination. Declarations: 1. The ratification of this Convention by the Islamic Republic of Iran shall not be construed in any manner recognition of the Zionist occupying regime (the Israeli regime). 2. Any referral of disputes to judicial forums or arbitration shall be solely subject to the provisions of Principle 139 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Reservations that leave it uncertain to what extent a State consents to be bound by its obligations are in the opinion of the Government of the United Kingdom to be treated as general reservations, which are not compatible with the object and purpose of a Convention. The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland considers that paragraphs 1, 3 and 4 of the reservations are of that character and therefore objects to them. This objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Convention as between the United Kingdom and the Islamic Republic of Iran.


18-08-2026 Partij

Partij

Iran gewijzigd

  • toegevoegd voorbehoud
    06-08-2025
    Reservations: 1. The Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions of the Convention, including Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations, in particular the principles of its Constitution. Furthermore, in cases where the implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 14 requires utilization of property in a manner contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran, does not consider itself bound by the provision of this article. 2. The Islamic Republic of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions of Article 35, paragraph 2, of this Convention, which provide that any dispute between two or more States concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through negotiation shall be referred to arbitration or to the International Court of Justice. 3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation in matters related to extradition or mutual legal assistance. 4. The Convention shall not prejudice the legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign occupation to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise their right to self-determination. Declarations: 1. The ratification of this Convention by the Islamic Republic of Iran shall not be construed in any manner recognition of the Zionist occupying regime (the Israeli regime). 2. Any referral of disputes to judicial forums or arbitration shall be solely subject to the provisions of Principle 139 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

    toegevoegd bezwaar op voorbehoud

    Bezwaar België, 30-07-2026

    The Kingdom of Belgium has carefully reviewed the reservations formulated by the Islamic Republic of Iran upon its ratification of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. The Kingdom of Belgium considers that the reservations regarding articles 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23 of the Convention, insofar as they make the interpretation and application of key provisions of the Convention subject to the domestic law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, may undermine the uniform application of the Convention and create uncertainty regarding the scope of the commitments undertaken by the Islamic Republic of Iran. Moreover, the Kingdom of Belgium considers that the reservation formulated with respect to article 14, paragraph 1, is incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. This reservation has the effect of making the application of this provision of the Convention contingent upon its compatibility with Sharia law. The Kingdom of Belgium considers that this reservation is aimed at limiting the commitments and responsibilities of the Islamic Republic of Iran under the Convention through a general reference to Sharia law. The Kingdom of Belgium also considers that the reservations regarding articles 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention, insofar as they allow for the application on a case-by-case basis of the provisions on extradition and mutual legal assistance, may undermine the mechanisms for international cooperation provided for in the Convention and are, therefore, incompatible with its object and purpose. The Kingdom of Belgium recalls that, under articles 19 and 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a State may neither formulate a reservation that is incompatible with the object and purpose of a treaty nor invoke its internal law to justify non-performance of the treaty. Consequently, the Kingdom of Belgium objects to the reservations formulated by the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. The Kingdom of Belgium notes that this objection does not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Convention will thus become operative between the two States without the Islamic Republic of Iran benefitting from the aforementioned reservations.


08-08-2026 Partij

Partij

Iran gewijzigd

  • toegevoegd voorbehoud
    06-08-2025
    Reservations: 1. The Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions of the Convention, including Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations, in particular the principles of its Constitution. Furthermore, in cases where the implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 14 requires utilization of property in a manner contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran, does not consider itself bound by the provision of this article. 2. The Islamic Republic of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions of Article 35, paragraph 2, of this Convention, which provide that any dispute between two or more States concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through negotiation shall be referred to arbitration or to the International Court of Justice. 3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation in matters related to extradition or mutual legal assistance. 4. The Convention shall not prejudice the legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign occupation to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise their right to self-determination. Declarations: 1. The ratification of this Convention by the Islamic Republic of Iran shall not be construed in any manner recognition of the Zionist occupying regime (the Israeli regime). 2. Any referral of disputes to judicial forums or arbitration shall be solely subject to the provisions of Principle 139 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

    toegevoegd bezwaar op voorbehoud

    Bezwaar Frankrijk, 31-07-2026

    The Government of the French Republic has reviewed the reservations formulated by the Islamic Republic of Iran on 6 August 2025, upon its accession to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, adopted on 15 December 2000. It objects to the first reservation of Iran because, by referring to the principles of the Constitution of Iran and of Sharia law, the reservation undermines the extent of the obligations set forth in the Convention, making it incompatible with its object and purpose. It also objects to the third reservation because it limits the obligations of Iran regarding cooperation in matters related to extradition and mutual legal assistance, making it incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. These objections do not preclude the entry into force, between France and Iran, of the Convention and its other provisions.


05-08-2026 Partij

Partij

Iran gewijzigd

  • Bezwaren: Ja
  • toegevoegd voorbehoud
    06-08-2025
    Reservations: 1. The Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions of the Convention, including Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations, in particular the principles of its Constitution. Furthermore, in cases where the implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 14 requires utilization of property in a manner contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran, does not consider itself bound by the provision of this article. 2. The Islamic Republic of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions of Article 35, paragraph 2, of this Convention, which provide that any dispute between two or more States concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through negotiation shall be referred to arbitration or to the International Court of Justice. 3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation in matters related to extradition or mutual legal assistance. 4. The Convention shall not prejudice the legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign occupation to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise their right to self-determination. Declarations: 1. The ratification of this Convention by the Islamic Republic of Iran shall not be construed in any manner recognition of the Zionist occupying regime (the Israeli regime). 2. Any referral of disputes to judicial forums or arbitration shall be solely subject to the provisions of Principle 139 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

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    Bezwaar EU (Europese Unie), 23-07-2026

    Having examined the reservations formulated by the Islamic Republic of Iran, the European Union takes the view that the reservation according to which the Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions of the Convention, including Articles 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations, in particular the principles of its Constitution, is of unlimited scope and undefined character and seeks to condition the interpretation and implementation of the Convention, including some key provisions thereof, on its compatibility with the domestic legislation of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It therefore considers that this reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. The European Union also considers that the reservation concerning Article 14 par. 1 is incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention since it contains a general reference to Sharia Law and does not specify the extent of the derogation from this Article. In addition, customary international law as reflected in Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties stipulates that a State may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for failure to perform a treaty. The European Union furthermore notes that the reservation of the Islamic Republic of Iran according to which the latter will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application of Articles 15 , 16 and 18 of the Convention, is also incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention in so far as it fails to clearly define the extent of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s obligations under these Articles regulating essential aspects of the Convention, such as the extradition and the provision of mutual legal assistance, and it aims at granting the Islamic Republic of Iran an excessively broad margin of discretion not foreseen by the Convention. Finally, the European Union considers that the reservation of the Islamic Republic of Iran related to the right to self-determination raises significant doubts as to Iran’s commitment to the Convention and is therefore incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. First, the Convention does not contain any provisions that can be interpreted so as to conflict with the right to self-determination as a peremptory norm of international law as confirmed by the International Court of Justice. As a corollary, it is not necessary for the Islamic Republic of Iran to include such reservation to safeguard the right to self-determination. Second, the reservation obfuscates the Islamic Republic of Iran’s commitment to provide legal assistance or to accept extradition requests, since it is unclear whether it will deny such requests on the premise that the actions of persons or structured groups covered by the Convention fall within the scope of the right to self-determination. This lack of clarity is amplified by the Islamic Republic of Iran’s reservation according to which it will decide on a case-by-case basis whether to apply the provisions of the Convention concerning mutual legal assistance and extradition. The European Union therefore objects to the aforesaid reservations formulated by the Islamic Republic of Iran. This objection does not preclude the entry into force of the Convention between the European Union and the Islamic Republic of Iran.


14-08-2025 Partij

Partij

Iran gewijzigd

  • Ratificatie: 06-08-2025 (R)
  • In werking: 05-09-2025
  • Voorbehoud / verklaring: Ja
  • toegevoegd voorbehoud
    06-08-2025
    Reservations: 1. The Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions of the Convention, including Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations, in particular the principles of its Constitution. Furthermore, in cases where the implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 14 requires utilization of property in a manner contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran, does not consider itself bound by the provision of this article. 2. The Islamic Republic of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions of Article 35, paragraph 2, of this Convention, which provide that any dispute between two or more States concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through negotiation shall be referred to arbitration or to the International Court of Justice. 3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation in matters related to extradition or mutual legal assistance. 4. The Convention shall not prejudice the legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign occupation to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise their right to self-determination. Declarations: 1. The ratification of this Convention by the Islamic Republic of Iran shall not be construed in any manner recognition of the Zionist occupying regime (the Israeli regime). 2. Any referral of disputes to judicial forums or arbitration shall be solely subject to the provisions of Principle 139 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.


08-04-2025 Partij

Partij

Somalië gewijzigd

  • Ratificatie: 25-03-2025 (T)
  • In werking: 24-04-2025
  • Voorbehoud / verklaring: Ja
  • Bezwaren: Nee
  • toegevoegd voorbehoud
    25-03-2025
    The Federal Republic of Somalia declares that it does not consider itself bound by the provisions of Article 35(2) of the Convention regarding the settlement of disputes by arbitration or referral to the International Court of Justice, unless there is a separate agreement between the parties concerned.


14-01-2025 Partij

Partij

Litouwen gewijzigd

  • toegevoegd voorbehoud
    19-12-2024
    Withdrawal of reservation made upon ratification to paragraph 2 of Article 35.


30-11-2023 Partij

Partij

Oekraïne gewijzigd

  • toegevoegd voorbehoud
    20-11-2023
    [The aforementioned treaty is] implemented on the territory of Ukraine in full, with the exception of the territories where hostilities are (were) conducted, or temporarily occupied by the Russian Federation, on which it is impossible to fully guarantee the Ukrainian Party’s fulfillment of its obligations under [this treaty] as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, as well as the introduction of martial law on the territory of Ukraine until the complete cessation of encroachment on the sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders of Ukraine. The regularly updated list of territories where hostilities are (were) conducted, or temporarily occupied by the Russian Federation is at the link below: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1668-22#Text ...


26-10-2023 Partij

Partij

Zuid-Sudan toegevoegd

  • Ratificatie: 20-10-2023 (T)
  • In werking: 19-11-2023
  • Voorbehoud / verklaring: Nee
  • Bezwaren: Nee

28-02-2023 Partij

Partij

Bhutan gewijzigd

  • Ratificatie: 20-02-2023 (T)
  • In werking: 22-03-2023
  • Voorbehoud / verklaring: Ja
  • Bezwaren: Nee
  • toegevoegd voorbehoud
    20-02-2023
    The Kingdom of Bhutan does not consider itself bound by Article 16, Section 4, [and] Article 35, Section 2, of the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime…