Overeenkomst van Parijs

Partijen met voorbehouden, verklaringen en bezwaren

Partij	Voorbehoud / verklaring	Bezwaren
België	Ja	Nee
Bulgarije	Ja	Nee
Canada	Ja	Nee
Cookeilanden	Ja	Nee
Denemarken	Ja	Nee
EU (Europese Unie)	Ja	Nee
Filipijnen	Ja	Nee
Heilige Stoel	Ja	Nee
India	Ja	Nee
Israël	Ja	Nee
Marshalleilanden	Ja	Nee
Mexico	Ja	Nee
Micronesia	Ja	Nee
Nauru	Ja	Nee
Nederlanden, het Koninkrijk der	Ja	Nee
Nieuw-Zeeland	Ja	Nee
Niue	Ja	Nee
Palestina	Ja	Nee
Polen	Ja	Nee
Russische Federatie	Ja	Nee
Salomonseilanden	Ja	Nee
Spanje	Ja	Nee
Turkije	Ja	Ja
Tuvalu	Ja	Nee
Vanuatu	Ja	Nee

België

22-04-2016

This signature engages also the Walloon Region, the Flemish Region and the Brussels-Capital Region.

Bulgarije

29-11-2016

The Republic of Bulgaria recognizes that in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention. In this context the Republic of Bulgaria notes that as a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Bulgaria is not included in Annex II.

Canada

14-12-2016

The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and has the honour to refer to the Paris Agreement and the Secretary-General’s communication of April 22, 2016 C.N.176.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d, relating to that treaty. The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations notes that this communication was made pursuant to the Secretary-General’s capacity as Depositary for the Paris Agreement. The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations notes the technical and administrative role of the Depositary, and that it is for States Parties to a treaty, not the Depositary, to make their own determination with respect to any legal issues raised by instruments circulated by a depositary.
In that context, the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations notes, in line with its communication of January 19, 2016 C.N.11.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7 relating to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, that the ‘State of Palestine’ does not meet the criteria of a state under international law and is not recognized by Canada as a state. Therefore, in order to avoid confusion, the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations wishes to note its position that in the context of the purported Palestinian ratification of the Paris Agreement, the ‘State of Palestine’ is not able to ratify this Agreement, and that the Paris Agreement does not enter into force, or have an effect on Canada’s treaty relations, with respect to the ‘State of Palestine’.

Cookeilanden

01-09-2016

The Government of the Cook Islands declares its understanding that acceptance of the Paris Agreement and its application shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to the impacts of climate change.
The Government of the Cook Islands further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emissions reduction obligations in the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature stabilisation level at or above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for our national interests.

Denemarken

01-11-2016

Territorial exclusion in respect of Greenland.

02-07-2024

Withdrawal of declaration relating to the territorial exclusion in respect of Greenland.

EU (Europese Unie)

05-10-2016

Declaration by the Union made in accordance with Article 20(3) of the Paris Agreement.
The following States are at present Members of the European Union: the Kingdom of Belgium, the Republic of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Estonia, Ireland, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Republic of Croatia, the Italian Republic, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Poland, the Portuguese Republic, Romania, the Republic of Slovenia, the Slovak Republic, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The European Union declares that, in accordance with the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 191 and Article 192(1) thereof, it is competent to enter into international agreements, and to implement the obligations resulting therefrom, which contribute to the pursuit of the following objectives:
- preserving, protecting and improving the quality of the environment;
- protecting human health;
- prudent and rational utilisation of natural resources;
- promoting measures at international level to deal with regional or worldwide
environmental problems, and in particular combating climate change.
[…]
The European Union will continue to provide information, on a regular basis on any substantial modifications in the extent of its competence, in accordance with Article 20(3) of the Agreement.

Filipijnen

23-03-2017

THAT it is the understanding of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines that its accession to and the implementation of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of rights under any local and international laws or treaties, including those concerning State responsibility for loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change;
THAT, the accession to and implementation of the Paris Agreement by the Republic of the Philippines is for the purpose of supporting the country's national development objectives and priorities such as sustainable industrial development, the eradication of poverty and provision of basic needs, and securing social and climate justice and energy security for all its citizens.

Heilige Stoel

04-09-2022

By acceding to the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in the name and on behalf of Vatican City State, the Holy See intends to contribute to the efforts of all States to work together in solidarity, in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in an effective response to the challenges posed by climate change to humankind and to our common home.
In light of the territorial nature of the obligations set forth in the Paris Agreement, the Holy See declares, for the avoidance of doubt, that in acceding to the Agreement only in the name and on behalf of Vatican City State it commits itself to apply its provisions exclusively within the Territory of the Vatican City State, as circumscribed by the Leonine Walls.
The Holy See, in conformity with its particular mission, reiterates, on behalf of Vatican City State, its position regarding the term ‘gender’ used in the Preamble (PP11) and articles 7.5 and 11.2 of the Paris Agreement. The Holy See underlines that any reference to ‘gender’ and related terms in any document that has been or that will be adopted by the Conference of State Parties or by its subsidiary bodies is to be understood as grounded on the biological sexual identity that is male and female.
The Holy See upholds and promotes a holistic and integrated approach that is firmly centered on the human dignity and integral development of every person.

India

02-10-2016

The Government of India declares its understanding that, as per its national laws; keeping in view its development agenda, particularly the eradication of poverty and provision of basic needs for all its citizens, coupled with its commitment to following the low carbon path to progress, and on the assumption of unencumbered availability of cleaner sources of energy and technologies and financial resources from around the world; and based on a fair and ambitious assessment of global commitment to combating climate change, it is ratifying the Paris Agreement.

Israël

14-12-2016

The Permanent Mission of Israel to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as depositary of the Paris Agreement, signed 22 April 2016 (hereinafter “the Agreement”), and refers to the communication by the depositary, dated 22 April 2016, regarding the Palestinian request to accede to this Agreement (Reference number C.N.176.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d (Depositary Notification)).
‘Palestine’ does not satisfy the criteria for statehood under international law and lacks the legal capacity to join the aforesaid Agreement under general international law, as well as under the terms of the Agreement and of bilateral Israeli-Palestinian agreements.
The Government of Israel does not recognize ‘Palestine’ as a State, and wishes to place on record, for the sake of clarity, its position that it does not consider ‘Palestine’ a party to the Agreement and regards the Palestinian request for accession as being without any legal validity or effect.

Marshalleilanden

22-04-2016

[...] the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic's instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record;
Furthermore, the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands declares that, in light of best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests [...].

Mexico

21-09-2016

[…] in accordance with their national legal framework, and in consideration of the best and most up-to-date scientific information available and incorporated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Mexican States understands greenhouse gas emissions to mean the release into the atmosphere of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors and aerosols into the atmosphere, including, where applicable, greenhouse compounds, within a specific area and during a specific period of time.

Micronesia

15-09-2016

The Government of the Federated States of Micronesia declares its understanding that its ratification of the Paris Agreement does not constitute a renunciation of any rights of the Government of the Federated States of Micronesia under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change, and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation and liability due to the adverse effects of climate change; and The Government of the Federated States of Micronesia further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessments on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in the Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature increase above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for the national interests of the Government of the Federated States of Micronesia.

Nauru

22-04-2016

[...] the Government, of Nauru declares its understanding that the ratification of the Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility [for] the adverse effects of climate change.
Further, the Government of Nauru declares that no provisions in the Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from the principles of general international law.
And further, the Government of Nauru declares its understanding that Article 8 and decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 51 in no way limits the ability of Parties to UNFCCC or the Agreement to raise, discuss, or address any present or future concerns regarding the issues of liability and compensation.
The Republic of Nauru put forth its concern intended to recognize and acknowledge its national interest [...].

Nederlanden, het Koninkrijk der

28-07-2017

The Kingdom of the Netherlands, for the European part of the Netherlands, declares in accordance with Article 14, paragraph 2, of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in conjunction with Article 24 of the Paris Agreement, that it accepts both means of dispute settlement referred to in that paragraph as compulsory in relation to any Party accepting one or both means of dispute settlement.

Nieuw-Zeeland

04-10-2016

[...] consistent with the constitutional status of Tokelau and taking into account the commitment of the Government of New Zealand to the development of self-government for Tokelau through an act of self-determination under the Charter of the United Nations, [the accession by New Zealand to this Protocol] shall not extend to Tokelau unless and until a Declaration to this effect is lodged by the Government of New Zealand with the Depositary on the basis of appropriate consultation with that territory[...]

Niue

28-10-2016

The Government of Niue declares its understanding that acceptance of the Paris Agreement and its application shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to the impacts of climate change.
The Government of Niue further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emissions reduction obligations in the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature stabilisation level at or above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for our national interests.

Palestina

03-02-2017

The Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine to the United Nations presents his compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as Depositary, and has the honor to refer to depositary notification C.N.913.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d, dated 14 December 201[6], conveying a communication of Israel regarding the ratification of the State of Palestine [of] the Paris Agreement, dated 12 December 2015.
The Government of the State of Palestine regrets the position of Israel and wishes to recall United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 of 29 November 2012 according Palestine ‘non-member observer State status in the United Nations’. In this regard, Palestine is a State recognized by the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the international community.
The State of Palestine signed and ratified the Paris Agreement at the opening ceremony at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 22 April 2016. The State of Palestine will exercise its rights and honor its obligations with respect to all States Parties. The State of Palestine trusts that its rights and obligations will be equally respected by its fellow States Parties.

03-02-2017

The Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine to the United Nations presents his compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as Depositary, and has the honor to refer to depositary notification C.N.914.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d, dated 15 December 201[6], conveying a communication of Canada regarding the ratification of the State of Palestine [of] the Paris Agreement, dated 12 December 2015.
The Government of the State of Palestine regrets the position of Canada and wishes to recall United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 of 29 November 2012 according Palestine ‘non-member observer State status in the United Nations’. In this regard, Palestine is a State recognized by the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the international community.
The State of Palestine signed and ratified the Paris Agreement at the opening ceremony at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 22 April 2016. The State of Palestine will exercise its rights and honor its obligations with respect to all States Parties. The State of Palestine trusts that its rights and obligations will be equally respected by its fellow States Parties.

03-02-2017

The Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine to the United Nations presents his compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as Depositary, and has the honor to refer to depositary notification C.N.915.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d, dated 15 December 201[6], conveying a communication of the United States of America regarding the ratification of the State of Palestine [of] the Paris Agreement, dated 12 December 2015.
The Government of the State of Palestine regrets the position of the United States of America and wishes to recall United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 of 29 November 2012 according Palestine ‘non-member observer State status in the United Nations’. In this regard, Palestine is a State recognized by the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the international community.
The State of Palestine signed and ratified the Paris Agreement at the opening ceremony at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 22 April 2016. The State of Palestine will exercise its rights and honor its obligations with respect to all States Parties. The State of Palestine trusts that its rights and obligations will be equally respected by its fellow States Parties.

Polen

07-10-2016

The Government of the Republic of Poland recognizes that under Article 9 paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention. In this context the Government of the Republic of Poland notes that Poland is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change not included in Annex II.

Russische Federatie

07-10-2019

1. The Russian Federation recognizes that, in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 9 of the Agreement, developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation of climate change and adaptation to it in continuation of their existing obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of 9 May 1992 (hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”). In this context, the Russian Federation notes that as a Party to the Convention the Russian Federation is not included in Annex II to the Convention.
2. The Russian Federation proceeds from the importance of conservation and enhancement of absorbing capacity of forests and other ecosystems, as well as from the necessity of the maximum possible account of this capacity including in the implementation of the Agreement’s mechanisms.
3. The Russian Federation considers unacceptable the use of the Agreement and its mechanisms as tools to create barriers to sustainable social and economic development of the Parties to the Convention.

Salomonseilanden

21-09-2016

… the Government of Solomon Islands declares its understanding that acceptance of the aforesaid Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change;
FURTHER, that the Government of Solomon Islands declares that no provision in this Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to impacts of climate change;
AND that the Government of Solomon Islands declares that the low ambition of the Paris Agreement and its adequacy to stabilize global temperature to safe level of below 1.5 degree Celsius, such emissions will have severe impacts and undermining our sustainable development efforts…

Spanje

12-01-2017

In the case where this Agreement is ratified by the United Kingdom and its application extended to the territory of Gibraltar, Spain wishes to make the following declaration:
1. Gibraltar is a non-autonomous territory whose international relations come under the responsibility of the United Kingdom and which is subject to a decolonisation process in accordance with the relevant decisions and resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations.
2. The authorities of Gibraltar have a local character and exercise exclusively internal competences which have their origin and their foundation in the distribution and attribution of competences performed by the United Kingdom in compliance with its internal legislation, in its capacity as sovereign State on which the mentioned non-autonomous territory depends.
3. As a result, the eventual participation of authorities of Gibraltar in the application of this Agreement will be understood as carried out exclusively as part of the internal competences of Gibraltar and cannot be considered to modify in any way what was established in the two previous paragraphs.
4. The application of this Agreement to Gibraltar cannot be interpreted as an recognition of any rights or situations regarding areas not covered by article 10 of the Treaty of Utrecht of 13 July 1713, concluded between the Crowns of Spain and of the United Kingdom.

Turkije

11-10-2021

The Republic of Turkey, on the basis of “equity, common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” as clearly and accurately recognized under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of 9 May 1992 and the Paris Agreement, and by recalling decisions 26/CP.7, 1/CP.16, 2/CP.17, 1/CP.18 and 21/CP.20 adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, declares that Turkey will implement the Paris Agreement as a developing country and in the scope of her nationally determined contribution statements, provided that the Agreement and its mechanisms do not prejudice her right to economic and social development.

Bezwaar Griekenland, 13-10-2022

The Government of the Hellenic Republic has examined the declaration made by the Republic of Türkiye upon ratification, on 11 October 2021, of the Paris Agreement of 12 December 2015.
The Republic of Türkiye thereby declares that she ‘will implement the Paris Agreement as a developing country and in the scope of her nationally determined contribution statements, provided that the Agreement and its mechanisms do not prejudice her right to economic and social development’.
In the view of the Government of the Hellenic Republic, this declaration in fact amounts to a reservation, as it purports to unilaterally modify the legal status of the Republic of Türkiye within the legal framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of 9 May 1992 (hereinafter ‘the Convention’) and the Paris Agreement, by seeking to arbitrarily remove Türkiye from the list of Annex I Parties to the Convention and qualify her as a developing country, in the absence of a relevant decision of the Conference of the Parties, which is under the Convention responsible for the adoption of annexes and amendments thereto.
The Government of the Hellenic Republic would like to recall that, according to article 27 of the Paris Agreement, no reservations may be made to this Agreement.
In light of the above, the Government of the Hellenic Republic considers that the aforementioned reservation of the Republic of Türkiye is impermissible as prohibited by article 27 of the Agreement.
For the above reasons, the Government of the Hellenic Republic objects to the declaration made by the Republic of Türkiye upon ratification of the Paris Agreement. This objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Agreement between the Hellenic Republic and the Republic of Türkiye without the latter benefiting the reservation.

27-01-2023

The Government of the Republic of Türkiye examined the objection of the Hellenic Republic to the declaration made by the Republic of Türkiye upon ratification of the Paris Agreement on 11 October 2021 and thereby declares the following:
The declaration made by Türkiye upon ratification of the Paris Agreement intends to declare that Türkiye will implement the said Agreement as a developing country and in the scope of its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
The purpose of the declaration is not making a reservation to the Paris Agreement. Moreover, no reservations may be made to the Paris Agreement pursuant to its Article 27.
In accordance with the international law, it is considered that, whilst making a reservation to all provisions or any provision of an international legal instrument is prohibited, any unilateral declaration formulated by a Party to that instrument does not constitute a reservation.
Given that Türkiye’s statement is an interpretative statement on the implementation of the Paris Agreement, Türkiye has no intention of excluding or amending as a whole any provision or legal obligation of the Paris Agreement.
Furthermore, the special circumstances of Türkiye are recognized by the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by decision 1/CP.16, which also places Türkiye in a different situation than the other Parties included in Annex I to the UNFCCC. Decisions 2/CP.17, 1/CP.18 and 21/CP.20 adopted subsequently by the Conference of the Parties make a reference to this particular decision.
On the other hand, the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement does not provide a definition for ‘developing’ or ‘developed’ country Party, nor do they include any criteria for being listed in Annex I.
Furthermore, there is no explicit formal definition or classification for ‘developing’ or ‘developed’ country.
In this regard, the declaration is a unilateral statement presenting how the Paris Agreement, which is built around self-differentiation of the country Parties, shall be implemented by Türkiye, rather than making a reservation with an objective of changing Türkiye’s legal status under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.

Tuvalu

22-04-2016

The Government of Tuvalu hereby notifies that it will apply the Paris Agreement provisionally as provided for in paragraph 4 of Decision 1/CP.21.
[…]
The Government of Tuvalu further declares its understanding that acceptance of the aforesaid Paris Agreement and its provisional application shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to the impacts of climate change.
The Government of Tuvalu further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emissions reduction obligations in the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature stabilisation level at or above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for our national interests.

Vanuatu

21-09-2016

Whereas the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic’s instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record;
Furthermore, that the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares that, in light of best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre- Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests...